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Mani, M.
- Epizootics of Entomophthora sp. on Mango Inflorescence Hopper, Idioscopus nitidulus (Walker)
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore 560 089, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 24, No 3 (2010), Pagination: 274-275Abstract
The inflorescence hopper, Idioscopus nitidulus (Walker), is an economically important pest during flowering period of mango. An outbreak of entomopathogenic fungal infection of Entomophthora sp. causing about 87.88 per cent mortality of I. nitidulus adults was recorded during the off-season. This is the first report of Entomopthora species infecting I. nitidulus.Keywords
Idioscopus nitidulus, Epizootic, Entomophthora sp.- Recovery of the Exotic Parasitoid Pseudleptomastix mexicana Noyes and Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on the Invasive Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams And Granara De Willink in India
Authors
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, P.O. Box No. 2491, Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, IN
2 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore 560 089, IN
3 AICRP on Biological Control, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, College of Agriculture, Pune 411 005, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 27, No 1 (2013), Pagination: 46–47Abstract
The encyrtid Pseudleptomastix mexicana Noyes and Schauff was recovered for the first time from the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink in India in 2011-12 after 10 to 20 months of release in Bangalore and also in Pune in April 2012. However, parasitism by P. mexicana on P. marginatus did not exceed more than five per cent in both the locations.Keywords
Pseudleptomastix mexicana, Parasitoid, Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus.References
- Arnold J. 2001. Parasitic wasp could curb mealybug. ARS News and Information, United States Department of Agriculture, August 2001.
- Kauffman WC, Meyerdirk DE, Warkentin R, Alvarez P, Abud A. 2001. Biological control of papaya mealybug in the Caribbean safeguarding the US. Poster Presentation. International Organization for Biological Control, August 2–5, 2001, Bozeman, Montana.
- Kaushalya G, Amarasekare Catharine M, Mannion, Epsky ND. 2008. Host instar susceptibility and selection and interspecific competition of three introduced parasitoids of the mealybug Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Envi Ent. 39: 1506–1512.
- Mani M, Shivaraju C, Shylesha AN. 2012. Invasive papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus and its biological control – An overview. J Biol control 26(3): 201–216.
- Meyerdirk DE, Muniappan R, Warkentin R, Bamba J, Reddy GVP. 2004. Biological control of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Guam. Pl Prot Quarterly. 19(30): 110–114.
- Muniappan R, Meyerdirk DE, Sengebau FM, Berringer DD, Reddy GVP. 2006. Classical biological control of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Republic of Palau. Florida Entomol. 89: 212–217.
- Noyes JS, Schauff ME. 2003. New Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera) from Papaya Mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae). Proc Ent Soc Washington 105: 180–185.
- Shylesha AN, Rabindra RJ, Bhumannavar BS. 2011. Classical biological control of papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) in India. In The papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus (Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) – Proceedings of the National consulation meeting on strategies for deployment and impact of the imported parasitoids of papaya mealybug, 30th October 2010, Bangalore, India, pp. 1–8.
- Wahundennya I, Wijesekara A, Bhandara KANP, Galaniha LD. 2009. Papaya mealybug control in Sri Lanka, Personal Communication.
- Biological Control of Green Shield Scale, Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, on Red Ginger in India
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 23, No 1 (2009), Pagination: 93-94Abstract
The green shield scale, Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, was found at high levels on red ginger (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum.) at IIHR Farm, Bangalore in June 2006. Following the release of the Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant @10 / plant, the scale population declined from 174.60 scales / shoot on 15 June to 1.40 / shoot on 1 September in 2006. The population of C. montrouzieri ranged from 3.40 to 10.34 per shoot during the study period. Since no other natural enemies were recorded, the reduction in the population of P. psidii in the red ginger biocontrol plot was attributed mainly to the action of C. montrouzieri.Keywords
Aphis nerii, Pulvinaria psidii, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Ferrisia virgata, Planococcus citri, Red Ginger.References
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- Mani, M., Krishnamoorthy, A. and Janakiram, T. 2007. Record of insect pests and their natural enemies on red ginger Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) in India. Entomon (In press).
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- Paracoccus marginatus, an Invasive Mealybug of Papaya and its Biological Control - an overview
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore 560 089, Karnataka, IN
2 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 26, No 3 (2012), Pagination: 201–216Abstract
The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is native of Mexico and /or Central and North America. Since its description in 1992, it has invaded several Carbbean Islands, Florida, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan, India, Bangladesh, West Africa, and it is likely to spread many other countries. It is highly polyphagus attacking more than 70 plant species causing severe loss. Insecticides failed to give adequate control of P. marginatus. On the other hand, natural enemies particularly, Acerophagus papayae Noyes and Schauff were highly useful to suppress the papaya mealybug. Its origin, distribution, taxonomy, biology, ecology, host range, natural enemies and methods of control particularly classical biological control are reviewed here.Keywords
Paracoccus marginatus, Invasive Mealybug, Acerophagus papayae, Biology, Distribution, Host Range, Natural Enemies, Taxonomy, Classical Biological Control.References
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- Thangamalar A, Subramanian S, Mahalingam CA. 2010. Bionomics of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus and its predator Spalgius epeius in mulberry ecosystem. Karnataka J Agric Sci. 23: 39–41.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. 1999. Control of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Environmental Assessment, October 1999. Riverdale, MD.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. 2000. Control of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Homoptera: Papaya mealybug and biological control 216 Pseudococcidae). Environmental Assessment (Supplement), June 2000. Riverdale, MD.
- Wahundenya I, Wijesekara A, Bhandara KANP, Galaniha LD 2009, Papaya mealybug control in Sri Lanka, Personal Communication.
- Walker A, Hoy M, Meyerdirk DE. 2003, Papaya Mealybug. Univ. Florida Featured Crea-tures.http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/fruit/mealybugs/papa.
- Walker A, Hoy M, Meyerdirk D. 2006. Papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).
- EENY- 302. Featured Creatures. Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
- Watson GW, Chandler LR. 1999. Identification of mealybugs important in the Caribbean Region. 40 pp. Commonwealth Science Council and CAB International, CARINET.
- Williams DJ, Granara De Willink. MC. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America, CAB International, Wallingford, England, 635 p.
- Natural Colonization of Australian Ladybird Beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant in Papaya Plantation infested with Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink in Tamil Nadu
Authors
1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, IN
2 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore 560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 26, No 4 (2012), Pagination: 389-390Abstract
The role of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri as an effective predator of Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink was often doubtful. Natural colonisation of C. montrouzieri was observed on papaya at Sathyamangalam (Tamil Nadu). The number of larvae were 18 to 30 per leaf. The massive colonisation of C. montrouzieri, will help in its effective utilisation against P. marginatus.Keywords
Paracoccus marginatus, Cryptlolaemus montrouzieri.References
- Ayyasamy R, Regupathy A. 2010. Need and scope for insecticide resistance management for the invasive papaya mealy bug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink in small scale papaya farming system in Tamil Nadu, India. Resistant Pest Mgmt News 19(2): 23–28.
- Kalyanasundaram M, Karuppuchamy P, Divya S, Sakthivel P, Rabindra RJ, Shylesha AN. 2011. Impact on release of the imported parasitoid Acerophagus papayae for the management of papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus in Tamil Nadu, pp. 68–72. In: Proceedings of the National consulation meeting on strategies for deployment and impact of the imported parasitoids of papaya mealybug, Classical biological control of papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) in India.
- Mani M, Shivaraju C, Shylesha AN. 2012. Paracoccus marginatus, an invasive mealybug of papaya and its biological control – An overview: J Biol Control 26(3): 201–216.
- Mastoi MI, Azura AN, Muhammad R, Idris AB, Ibrahim Y. 2011. First report of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Malaysia. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. 5(7): 1247– 1250.
- Muniappan R, Shepard BM, Watson GW, Carner GR, Sartiami D, Rauf A, Hammig MD. 2008. First report of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Indonesia and India. J Agric Urban Entomol. 25(1): 37–40.
- Panis A. 1979. Pseudococcines (Homoptera, Coccidea: Pseudococcidae) Dans Le Cadre De La Lutte integree En Aagruamiculture Mediterranean. Revue De Zoologie Agricole. 38: 88–96.
- Ronald A, HeuMach T, Fukada Patrick Conant. 2007. Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). New Pest Advisory. http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/ npa/npa04-03-PMB.pdf
- Shylesha AN, Rabindra RJ, Bhumannavar BS. 2011. The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), pp. 1–8. In: Proceedings of the National consulation meeting on strategies for deployment and impact of the imported parasitoids of papaya mealybug classical biological control of papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) in India.
- Suresh S, Jothimani R, Sivasubrmanian P, Karuppuchamy P, Samiyappan R, Jonathan EI. 2010. Invasive mealybugs of Tamil Nadu and their management. Karnataka J Agri Sci. 23: 6–9.
- Tanwar R, Jeyakumar K, Vennila S. 2010. Papaya mealybug and its management strategies. NCIPM Technical Bulletin 22: 26 p.
- Walker A, Hoy M, Meyerdirk DE. 2003. Papaya mealybug. Univ. Florida Featured Crea-tures.http://creatures.ifas. ufl.edu/fruit/mealybugs/papa.
- Record of Beauveria bassiana on Tea Mosquito Bug, Helopeltis antonii Signoret in Guava Ecosystem
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore 560 089 Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 25, No 2 (2011), Pagination: 150-151Abstract
The tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis antonii Signoret, is an economically important pest of guava in recent years causing significant reduction in yield and marketable fruits. An entomopathogen, Beauveria bassiana, was isolated from the adult bug infesting guava from KVK, IIHR, Hirehalli (Tumkur). This is the first report of B. bassiana infecting H. antonii. Further field studies on the efficacy of this pathogen againdt H.antonii on guava are suggested.Keywords
Tea Mosquito Bug, Helopeltis antonii, Entornopathogcn, Beauveria Bassiana, New Record.- Biological Suppression of the Mealybugs Planococcus citri (Risso), Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) and Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) on Pummelo with Cryptolaemus Montrouzieri Mulsant in India
Authors
1 National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune - 412307, Maharashtra, IN
2 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore - 560 089, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 22, No 1 (2008), Pagination: 169-172Abstract
A field study was carried out to determine the efficacy of the Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, in the suppression of three mealybug species, namely, citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell), and the spherical mealybug, Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), on pummelo (Citrus grandis Swingle). C. montrouzieri was released @ 30 larvae/plant in August 2005 in the pummelo orchard. The population of P. citri declined from 313.84/plant in August 2005 to 2.63/plant in October 2005, that of F. virgata from 248.85 to 7.57/plant and N. viridis from 165.48 to 6.85/plant in the same period. In the present investigation, a mean of 97.74%, 90.17% and 82.37% reduction in the population of P. citri, F. virgata and N. viridis, respectively, was recorded 60 days after Cryptolaemus release on pummelo.Keywords
Biological Suppression, Citrus grandis, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Ferrisia virgata, Ladybird Beetle, Nipaecoccus viridis, Planococcus Citri, Pummelo.- Field Efficacy of Australian Ladybird Beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant in the Suppression of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) on Sapota
Authors
1 National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune-412307, IN
2 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, 560 089, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 22, No 2 (2008), Pagination: 471-473Abstract
The pink hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) appeared on sapota (Manilkara zapota Forbcrg) in April 2003 at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Farm, Bangalore. The Australian ladybird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant was released @20/plant on sapota plants infested with mealybugs. The mealybug population declined from 54.20/plant on April 23, 2003 to 1.50/plant on June 15, 2003. No other natural enemy except C. montrouzieri was observed on M. hirsutns in the present study. There was no significant influence of weather factors, namely, maximum and temperature, morning and evening relative humidity and rainfall, on the mealybug population. The decline in the mealybug population on sapota was attributed to the predatory activity of C. montrouzieri.Keywords
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Sapota.- Biological Suppression of Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera:Pseudococcidae) on Crossandra undulifolia Salisb. in India
Authors
1 National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune-412307, Maharashtra, IN
2 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore-560089, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 21, No 2 (2007), Pagination: 283-285Abstract
The citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) was observed infesting Crossandra undulifolia Salisb. in 2006 at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Farm, Bangalore. It is a new host plant for the pest in India and elsewhere. Since the application of conventional insecticides fails to control the mealy bugs, possibilities of its biological control were explored on crossandra. A total of 500 larvae of the Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant were released in an area of 100 sq. metre planted with crossandra. Following the release of C. montrouzieri, the plants were almost cleared of the mealybugs after 3 months. Since the weather parameters such as maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall did not show any significant relationship with the citrus mealybug population on crossandra, the decline in the mealybug population was attributed to the activity of the biotic agents, chiefly C. montrouzieri.Keywords
Crossandra undulifolia, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Planococcus citri, Predator.- Natural Parasitisation by the Exotic Parasitoid, Leptomastix dactylopii Howard on Planococcus citri (Risso) Infesting Custard Apple
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (ICAR), Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore 56089, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 21, No 1 (2007), Pagination: 157-158Abstract
The citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) was found in large numbers infesting custard apple at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Farm, Bangalore during August-October 2004. Sampling of infested custard apple fruits during this period revealed the presence of Leptomastix dactylopii Howard. Adult parasitoids were recovered after five years of its release in 1983 and again in 2004 in the present study indicating the permanent establishment. In general, the activity of parasitoids particularly on mealybugs on custard apple was very low. The natural parasitisation by L. dactylopii ranged from 0.41 to 2.72 percent but the presence of L. dactylopii indicated that there is some scope of exploiting L. dactylopii in the suppression of P. citri infesting custard apple.Keywords
Custard Apple, Leptomastix dactylopii, Planococcus citri.- Efficacy of Cryptoiaelnus montrouzieri Mulsant in the Suppression of Rastrococcus invadens Williams on Sapota
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake, Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 18, No 2 (2004), Pagination: 203-204Abstract
The mealybug Rastrococcus invadens Williams was recorded in serious form on sapota (Manilkara zapota Forberg) in May 2002 at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Farm, Bangalore. The coccinellid predator, CryptoiaemllS montrollzieri Mulsant was released for its suppression on sapota. The population of the mealybug declined from initial infestation of 507.61 shoot to 0.00 in two months time. No other natural enemy except C. montrollzieri was observed on R. invadens. The maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity ranged from 27 to 36 °C, 18 to 22 °C, 52 to 91 per cent and 30 to 76per cent, respectively. There was no marked influence of these abiotic factors on the mealybug population during the study period. The decline in the mealybug population on sapota was due to the predatory activity of C. montroltzieri.Keywords
Cryptolaemus monirouzieri, Efficacy, Rastrococcus invadens, Sapota.- Record of Dolichogenidea stantoni (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Larval Parasitoid of Pumpkin Caterpillar, Diaphania indica(Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 18, No 2 (2004), Pagination: 205-206Abstract
A new gregarious braconid endoparasitoid, Dolichogenidea stantoni was recorded from larvae of Diaphania indica infesting cucurbits in and around Uangalore. Peak parasitism was observed in the months of June and October 2003. A mean parasitism of 37.26±4.01 per cent was observed. Each parasitized larva produced a mean of 16.32±1.86 cocoons. The per cent emergence of adult was 82.23. The sex· ratio under field condition was more of female biased (1: 4.20).Keywords
Cucurbits, Development, Diaphania indica, Dalichogenidea slantolli, Sex-Ratio.- Development and Predatory Potential of the Green Lacewing, Mallada astur (Banks) (Neuroptera:Chrysopidae) on the Spiralling Whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae)
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, 560089, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 13, No 1&2 (1999), Pagination: 45-49Abstract
A study on the development and predatory potential of Mallada astur (Banks) indicated that developmental time of M. astur larvae was longer when the nymphs of spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell were provided as compared to developmental period when provided with eggs of rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton). The predatory larvae took a mean of 15.6 days on the whitefly nymphs but only 13.19 days on rice moth eggs. The number of whitefly nymphs preyed during first, second and third instar larvae was 60.2±3.21, 36.4±3.26 and 138.4±6.55 nymphs, respectively. The chrysopid larva consumed a total of 234.9 nymphs of A. dispersus during its larval development.Keywords
Aleurodicus dispersus, Chrysopid, Development, Mallada astur, Predatory Potential, Spiralling Whitefly.- Natural Enemies of the Whitefly, Lipaleyrodes euphorbiae David and Subramaniam (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae)
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake P.O., Bangalore-560024, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 9, No 2 (1995), Pagination: 102-104Abstract
A severe infestation of the whitefly, Lipaleyrodes euphorbiae David and Subramaniam was observed in 1992 on star gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus Linnaeus) at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Farm, Bangalore. The whitefly infestation was higher during January to June than during July to December. Six natural enemies were found associated with the whitefly. Eretmocerus sp., Acletoxenus indicus Malloch, Triommata coccidivora (Felt), Mallada boninensis (Okamoto) and Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) are reported for the first time on L. euphorbiae. However, only Eretmocerus sp. and A. indicus were collected in large numbers. No definite trend was observed in the whitefly infestation during 1992-94. Morning relative humidity (%) alone had a negative correlation with the whitefly infestation. The activity of Eretmocerus sp. was observed only from January to March, 93 and the predator A. indicus was found feeding on the whitefly nymphs during December, 92; and April and September-November 1993.Keywords
Lipaleyrodes euphorbiae, Natural Enemies, Star Gooseberry, Whitefly.- Impact of the Parasitoids on the Suppression of the Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Suiz.) on Chillies and Sweet Pepper in India
Authors
1 Biological Control Laboratory I, Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore - 560089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 8, No 2 (1994), Pagination: 81-84Abstract
The green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulz.) has become a major pest of chillies and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in India. It is becoming increasingly difficult to control the aphid with insecticides. The investigations on the impact of the natural enemies revealed that the parasitoid Aphidius sp. appeared in large numbers causing upto 93.65% parasitism on M.persicae infesting chillies. In sweet pepper fields, both Aphelinus sp. and Aphidius sp. were recorded on M. persicae but the aphelinid was more abundant than the aphidiid. The rate of parasitism by Aphelillus sp. alone went upto 96.80% in April '92 in sweet pepper fields. The aphid population was effectively suppressed on chillies and sweet pepper by the parasitoids.Keywords
Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae Parasitoids, Aphidius Sp., Aphelinus Sp., Chillies, Sweet Pepper.- Relative Toxicity of Different Pesticides to Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hym., Ichneumonidae)
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Bangalore - 560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 8, No 1 (1994), Pagination: 18-22Abstract
The ichneumonid Campoletis cholrideae Uchida is a common parasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn.) and Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on many crops in India. The toxicity of 30 pesticides (19 insecticides, 9 fungicides, neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) and nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) to the adults of C.chlorideae was studied. The data on the initial toxicity revealed that acephate, NSKE, NPV and the fungicides appeared to be safe to the parasitoids. The insecticides found to be toxic were tested furthur for their residual toxicity to C. chlorideae, Endosulfan, carbaryl, dichlorvos, phosalone and methyl demeton were less persistent than the other insecticides. Residual toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids especially cypermethrin persisted for a longer time (42 days) against C. chlorideae.Keywords
Campoletis chlorideae, Pesticides, Toxicity.- Evaluation of Toxicity of Different Pesticides to the Green lacewing, Mallada boninensis (Chrysopidae:Neuroptera)
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lakepost, Bangalore - 560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 7, No 2 (1993), Pagination: 61-68Abstract
The green lacewing, Mallada boninensis (Okamoto) is an important predator or sucking insects like mealybugs, syrphids and psyllids. A total or 34 commercial pesticides (18 insecticides, 16 acaricides/fungicides) on the larvae and adults of M. boninensis was studied for their initial toxicity at field recommended concentrations. Larvae were less susceptible than the adults. Fenvalerate, endosulfan, methyl demeton and synthetic pyrethrolds were less toxic to tbe larvae. None or the insecticides tested was safe to the adults or M. boninensis. But the fungicides proved harmless to both the larvae and adults. The insecticides which had shown high initial toxicity were further tested for their residual toxicity to both the stages. Insecticides like dichlorvos, methyl demeton, endosulfan and synthetic pyrethrolds had low residual toxicity and hence could be incorporated into the integrated control programme.
Keywords
Pesticides, Mallada boninensis, Larvae, Adults, Toxicity.- Studies on Mealybugs and their Natural Enemies in Ber Orchards
Authors
1 Division of Entomology & Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore - 560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 7, No 2 (1993), Pagination: 75-80Abstract
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana (L.)) has been found attacked by four mealybug species viz., Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), Planococcus citri (Risso), P. lilacinus (Ckll.) and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) around Bangalore. A total of 11 natural enemies on N. viridis, three on P. citri and two on P. lilacinus were recorded. Attempts were also made to use the exotic natural enemies like Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. and Leptomastix dactylopii How to suppress the mealybug population in ber orchards. The local parasitoids and predators appeared in large number and were mainly responsible for the suppresion of N. viridis and P. citri on ber.
Keywords
Mealybugs, Ber, Parasitoids, Predators.- Further Studies on the Safety of Pesticides to Anagyrus dactylopii (Hym., Encyrtidae) and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleop., Coccinellidae)
Authors
1 Biological Control Laboratory I, Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore-560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 4, No 2 (1990), Pagination: 80-85Abstract
Five insecticides and ten fungicides at the recommended field dosages were evaluated for their safety to the encyrtid parasitoid Anagyrus dactylopii (How.) and the coccinellid predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). Quinalphos (0.05%), endosulfan (0.07%), malathion (0.1%), carbaryl (0.1%) and fenthion (0.1%) proved highly toxic to both the species. Fungicides except fosetyl-Al, dinobuton and dinocap were found harmless. Carbaryl had significantly high toxic residual activity upto 28 days after treatment against both the biocontrol agents. Fungicides, fosetyl-Al (0.2%) dinobuton (0.1%) and dinocap (0.1%) which int1icted 16-40 % mortality of Crypto1aemus adults on the day of application became non-toxic one day after treatment. Toxic residual activity of endosulfan and fenthion against A. dactylopii and C. montrouzieri decreased significantly in 7 days.Keywords
Anagyrus dactylopii, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Safety, Pesticides.- Predation of Mallada boninensis on Ferrisia virgata, Planococcus citri and P. lilacinus
Authors
1 Biological Control Laboratory, Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore-560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 4, No 2 (1990), Pagination: 122-123Abstract
Chrysopids play a major role in regulating the mealybug populations in nature. The green lacewing Mallada boninensis (Okamoto) is known to feed on many mealybug species (Boussienguet, 1986; Krishnamoorthy and Mani, 1989; Mani and Krishnamoorthy, 1989). The striped mealybug Ferrisia virgata (Ck11.), citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) and the common coffee mealybug, P. lilacinus (Ckl1.) pose variety of problems especially in fruit crops in India. According to Doutt (1951), the mealybugs could be controlled by large scale releases of chrysopids. With a hope to utilise M. boninensis against these mealybugs, its predatory potential was determined in the present study.Keywords
Mallada boninensis, Predation, Ferrisia virgata, Planococcus citri, P. lilacinus.- Studies on the Biology and Rearing of an Indigenous Parasitoid Eriborus argenteopilosus Cam. (Hym., Ichneumonidae)
Authors
1 Biological Control Laboratory, Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore - 560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 3, No 2 (1989), Pagination: 80-82Abstract
Eriborus argenteopilosus Cam., is an indigenous solitary larval endoparasitoid of a polyphagous pest Heliothis armigera (Hubn.) in India. Developmental periods of egg, different stages of larva and pupa are described. A detailed description is given on the technique developed for the laboratory mass breeding of E. argenieopilosus on an alternative host, Spodopiera lilura (F.).Keywords
Eriborus argenteopilosus, Development, Mass Rearing Technique, Heliothis armigera, Spodoptera litura.- Recovery of an Exotic Parasitoid, Leptomastix dactylopii How., from Planococcus citri (Risso) Infesting some Horticultural Crops
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore - 560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 3, No 2 (1989), Pagination: 125-125Abstract
Mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) is not only a serious pest of citrus but also at times serious on pomegranate, guava, grapes, etc. Insecticidal sprays have failed to give adequate control of this mealybug in recent years. Releases of an exotic parasitoid. Leptomastix dactylopii (How.)(Hym., Encyrtidae) in citrus orchards against P. citri in and around Bangalore have resulted in establishment of the parasitoid and complete control of mealybugs within four months in 1984-85 (Krishnamoorthy and Singh, 1987). Subsequently a survey was conducted by making field recoveries to evaluate the dispersal and establishment of the parasitoid in other areas on different crops, where releases were not effected.Keywords
Leptomastix dactylopii, Planococcus citri, Recovery.- Impact of Insect Predators in the Control of Aphis gossypii Glov. on Guava
Authors
1 Division of Entomology & Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore - 560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 3, No 2 (1989), Pagination: 128-129Abstract
The plant lice, Aphis gossypii Glov., is a polyphagous species widely distributed on a large number of crops in India (Ullah. 1940). On guava, colonies of nymphs and adults infest tender shoots and leaves, and suck the cell sap. They secrete honeydew resulting in development of sooty mould on leaves and shoots (Butani, 1974). On several occasions, insecticidal applications have increased the aphid population, and some times resulted in outbreaks (Hambleton, 1939; Orlandao et al., 1970). On the other hand, natural enemies themselves if uninterrupted by insecticides help to check the aphid popUlations. As many as 20 natural enemies were reported on A. gossypii in India. The present investigation was undertaken to deteffiljne the effectiveness of natural enemies in the suppression of A. gossypii in guava orchards.Keywords
Aphis gossypii, Predators, Guava.- Life Cycle, Host Stage Suitability and Pesticide Susceptibility of the Grape Mealybug Parasitoid, Allotropa japonica sp.n
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore 560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 3, No 1 (1989), Pagination: 7-9Abstract
Allotropa japonica sp. n. a Platygasterld parasitoid of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) completed its life cycle in 25.5 days at 25.5°C. It oviposited on all three nymphal stages and on the adult female mealybugs. The second and third nymphal stages (10-15 days old) were found suitable to breed the parasitold since tbe number of parasitoids emerging was greater, and ratio of female to male was also higher in these nymphal instars. Adult parasitolds were highly susceptible to monoaotophos, dichlorvos, dimethoate, oxydemeton methyl, methyl parathion, dlazlnon, chlorpyripbos, phosalone, qulnalphos, fenthion and carbaryl. But the acaricides and fungicides (dicofol, copper oxychloride, mancozeb, captafol, carbendazim, Bordeaux mixture) except sulphur proved less harmful to the parasitold.Keywords
Allotropa japonica sp.n., Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Pesticide Susceptibility, Life Cycle, Host Stage Suitability.- Effect of Releases of Phytoseiulus persimilis in the Control of Two Spotted Spider Mite on French Beans
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore 560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 3, No 1 (1989), Pagination: 33-36Abstract
The effect of 2 different rates of release of an exotic predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimillis of Athlas. Henriot on two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. on French beans was investigated. Release of predatory mite significantly reduced the population of spider mites in release plots compared to check. A release rate of 10 adults per plant gave better control than did 5 adults per plant. The mean fruit yield was also significantly higher in release plots than the check.Keywords
Phytoseiulus perslmilis, Tetranychus urticae, Control, French Beans.- Occurrence of Mealybugs and their Natural Enemies on Custard Apple around Bangalore, S. India
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore-560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 3, No 1 (1989), Pagination: 77-77Abstract
About 20 insect pests have been found attacking custard apple. Annona squamosa Linn., some of them causing substantial loss (Butani. 1976). Mealybugs. fruit borer and fruitfly are the pests of major importance (Ayyar. 1938). Surveys were carried out during 1986-87 on custard apple around Bangalore to determine the mealybug species attacking the crop and their natural enemies.Keywords
Mealybugs, Natural Enemies, Custard Apple.- Outbreak of Mealybugs and Record of their Natural Enemies on Pomegranate
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore-560089, IN
2 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore-560089, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 4, No 1 (1990), Pagination: 61-62Abstract
About 45 species of insects are known to attack pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in India (Butani, 1976). While surveying for the natural enemies of pomegranate insects during 1986-1989, three mealybug species namely Planococcus Citri (Risso), Planococcus lilacinus (Ckll.) and Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) were recorded around Bangalore as indicated in Table 1.Keywords
Mealybug, Natural Enemies, Pomegranate.- Biological Suppression of Major Mealybug Species on Horticultural Crops in India
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore -560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Horticultural Sciences, Vol 6, No 2 (2011), Pagination: 85-100Abstract
Mealybugs, known to be 'hard to kill pests', live in protected areas and most stages in their life cycle are covered in a waxy coating. Several insecticides are found ineffective against mealybugs. Fortunately, mealybugs - being sessile insects - are more amenable to biological control. The exotic parasitoid, Leptomastix dactylopii How., was found to be highly effective in suppressing citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso.) permanantly on citrus, sapota, guava, pomegranate and coffee. This is one of the recent successes in classical biological control attempts in India. However, the Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls., often provides spectacular control of heavy infestation of P. citri on acid lime, lemon, sweet orange, pummelo, Crossandra and custard apple. Though Anagyrus dactylopii (How.), is a potential parasitoid of pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), on grapes, releases of C. montrouzieri only help in suppression of the pink hibiscus mealybug on grapes, ber, guava, sapota, custard apple, citrus and hibiscus. The encyrtid parasitoid, Tetracnemoidea indica (Ayyar), was able to check the oriental mealybug, Planococcus lilacinus (Ckll.) on acid lime and pomegranate. The predators, C. montrouzieri and Spalgis epeus Westwood, also play a major role in suppression of P. lilacinus on guava, ber, sapota and chow-chow. The local parasitoid, A. dactylopii was seen to play a major role in suppression of spherical mealybug, Nipaecoccus viridis (Maskell) on citrus and jackfruit. Nevertheless, releases of C. montrouzieri are found highly effective in controlling N. viridis on acid lime and pummelo. Similarly release of C. montrouzieri is found to be highly effective in controlling striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.), on guava, tuberose and Acalypha in 30-40 days of release. A local parasitoid, Aenasius advena Comp., also plays a major role in suppression of F. virgata on guava, mango, guava, hibiscus, fig, citrus, etc. Release of the coccinellid predator, C. montrouzieri, was found very effective in controlling the mango coccid, Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) on mango and also on the medicinal plant Decalepis hamiltonii. The encyrtid, Praleurocerus viridis (Agarwal), was found very effective in reducing populations of R. iceryoides on guava. Spalgis epeus was found to be the predominant predator of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and de Granara Willink, but releases of the exotic parasitoid, Acerophagus papayae (Noyes&Schauff), only provide excellent control of P. marginatus within 3-4 months of release. The second successful classical biological control attempt on mealybugs in India. The brinjal mealybug, Coccidohystrix insolita (Green), is known to attack brinjal, Coleus, Hibiscus, etc. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri effectively controlled mealybugs on these three crops in 30-40 days of release. Verticillium lecanii Zimm. (Phule bugicide @ 2g/L) is found to be effective in killing the mealybug. Other fungal pathogens, viz., Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.), are also seen to infect mealybugs in rainy season under humid conditions.Keywords
Mealybug, Biocontrol, Classical Biocontrol, Parasitoid, Predator.- Influence of some Pesticides on Entomopathogenic Fungus Lecanicillium (=Verticillium) lecanii (Zimm.) ZARE & GAMS
Authors
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore-560 089, IN
2 Department of Crop Physiology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore- 560 065, IN
Source
Journal of Horticultural Sciences, Vol 2, No 1 (2007), Pagination: 53-57Abstract
An in vitro study was conducted to determine the interaction effect of ten pesticides tested at field recommended dose on conidial germination, vegetative growth and sporulation of Lecanicillium lecanii(ZIMM.) ZARE&GAMS. Compatibility of L. lecanii to different pesticides was found to be varied. Conidial germination was 99.3 and 85.7% in Pongamia oil and acephate, whereas, it was totally inhibited by the presence of chlorothalonil, iprodion + carbendazim, carbendazim and thiophanate methyl indicating that these pesticides were highly toxic. Dinocap recorded as moderately toxic while endosulfan, abamectin and ethion were least toxic based to the germination of conidia. So also Iprodion + carbendazim did not and carbendazim allow L. lecanii to put forth mycelium growth in their presence. Thiophanate methyl, Pongamia oil, acephate, endosulfan, ethion and chlorothalonil were observed to be innocuous pesticides registering growth of mycelium upto 2.33, 2.23, 2.23, 2.03, 2.03 and 2.00 cm dia., respectively, from 0.6 cm dia. held in the center of Petri plate on 14th day after treatment. As far as sporulation is concerned, Pongamia oil alone recorded the maximum yield of 47.2x106 conidia/ml followed by 18x106 conidia/ml, in chlorothalonil as against 20x106 conidia/ml in control, which means that the pongamia oil exhibited synergistic effect on L. lecanii, yielding more conidial spores. Thus, based on in vitro interaction study, pongamia oil alone was found to be safe to the entamopathogenic fungus L. lecanii in nature and iprodion + carbendazim and carbendazim were found to be highly toxic.Keywords
Botanicals, Pesticides, Lecanicillium lecanii.- Colonization of Introduced Parasitoid, Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani, on the Exotic Spiralling Whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, Infesting Ornamentals
Authors
1 National Research Centre for Grapes, P.B. No. 3, Manjari Farm, Solapur Road, Pune - 412 307, IN
2 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore - 560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Horticultural Sciences, Vol 1, No 2 (2006), Pagination: 148-151Abstract
The exotic spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, was observed to infest several ornamentals including rose, hibiscus, poinsettia and acalypha in and around Bangalore. Efforts were made to colonize the aphelinid parasitoid, Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani, during 2002 - 2003 on the above ornamentals infested with the spiralling whitefly. A total of five predators, namely, Axinoscymnus puttarudriahi Kapur and Munshi, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls., Anegleis cardoni (Weise), Mallada astur (Banks) and Cybocephalus sp. were observed on the spiralling whitefly on these ornamentals during the study but their impact on the spiralling whitefly was negligible. Inoculative releases of E. guadeloupae were made on rose (156 adults), hibiscus (179 adults), poinsettia (124 adults) and acalypha (247 adults). Encarsia guadeloupae was recovered within a month after its release with 3.43-32.94% parasitism. A steady decline in the population of spiralling whitefly was observed on these ornamentals. Encarsia guadeloupae was found to be the only parasitoid encountered throughout the study and the total parasitism steadily increased up to 96.00% on rose, 86.40% on hibiscus, 90.40% on poinsettia and 39.86% on acalypha at six months from release. Parasitism by E. guadeloupae was significant and negatively correlated with the population of spiralling whitefly on all the four ornamentals.Keywords
Aleurodicus dispersus, Encarsia guadeloupae, Biological Control, Spiralling Whitefly, Rose, Hibiscus, Poinsettia, Acalypha.- Evaluation of Australian Ladybird Beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant against Green Shield Scale Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) on some Medicinal Plants
Authors
1 National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune-412307, IN
2 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore -560 089, IN
Source
Journal of Horticultural Sciences, Vol 3, No 2 (2008), Pagination: 176-179Abstract
Severe infestation of green shield scale Chloropulvinaria psidii (Green) was observed during 2003-04 on the medicinal plants namely Withania somnifera, Madhuca longifolia, Mimusops elengi and Wrightia tinctoria. The Australian ladybird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant was released @ 20 larvae/plant. Following the release of C. montrouzieri , the scale population declined from 173.48 to 4.35/plant on W. somnifera, 30.49 to 1.20/plant on M. longifolia, 90.20 to 3.57/plant on M. elengi and 240.86 to 4.92/plant on W. tinctoria. There was 89.13 to 97.96% reduction in scale population 45-75 days after release of C. montrouzieri on the above medicinal plants. No other natural enemy, except C. montrouzieri, was recorded on C. psidii. There was no correlation between temperature, relative humidity or rainfall and scale population. Hence, the reduction in population of green shield scale was attributed mainly to the action of C. montrouzieri.Keywords
Chloropulvinaria psidii, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Withania somnifera, Madhuca longifolia, Mimusops elengi, Wrightia tinctoria.- Recent Trends in Biological Control of Scale Insects on Fruit Crops in India
Authors
1 Division of Entomology, Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore - 560 089, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 30, No 4 (2016), Pagination: 198-209Abstract
Scale insects are sap feeders, causing threat to the cultivation of several fruit crops. The scale insects can be grouped into two broad categories. The first group belonging to family Diaspidide, comprises many species of armoured scales (hard scales) belonging to the genera. Aonidiella, Aulacaspis, Pseudaulacaspis, Hemiberlesia, Aspidiotus, Chrysomphalus, Pinnaspis, Parlatoria etc. The second category belonging to family Coccidae comprises of the soft scales belonging to the genera Coccus, Puvinaria, Chloropulvinaria, Saisettia, Parasaisettia, Vinsonia, Drephanococcus, Ceroplastes, Ceroplastodes, etc. Scale insects are highly polyphagous, but certain species cause severe damage to specific fruit crops viz. the red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) on citrus; latania scale, Hemieberlesia lataniae (Sign.) on grapevine.; white scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) on mango; green shield scale, Pulvinaria psidii (Maskell) on guava, lemon and sapota, Pulvinaria polygonata (Ckll.) on mango; green scale Coccus viridis (Green) on citrus and sapota and Drephanococcus chiton (Green) on ber and guava. Insecticides are not effective due to the presence of protective cover over the scales. On the other hand, scale insects are more amenable for biological control due to their sedentary habit and colonial distribution. Several scale insects are well regulated by the local predators. In nature, green shield scale, Pulvinaria psidii (Maskell) is kept under check by the predator, Australian ladybird beetle Cryptolaemus montouzieri Mulsant on guava, sapota and lemon. The reduction of the mango green shield scale Pulvinaria polygonata was attributed mainly to the action of the predators C. montrouzieri and Spalgis epeus Westwood. The green scale Coccus viridis on acid lime and white scale Aulacaspis tubercularis on mango are well regulated by the coccinellids Chilocorus nigrita (Fab) and C. circumdatus Sch. Local parasitoids are also known to effectively check the populations of the scale insects on different fruit crops. The encyrtid Anicetus ceylonensis How and the pteromalid Cephaleta brunniventris Motsch are responsible for the suppression of wax scale Drephanococcus chiton on ber and guava. The aphelinid parasitoid, Pteroptrix koebeli How. plays a major role in the regulation of the mango scale Aulacaspis tubercularis. On sapota, the aphelinid parasitoid Coccophagus sp. was the dominant natural enemy causing up to 95 % parasitism. Scutellista cyanea Motsch. (Pteromalidiae: Hymenoptera) was able to suppress Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) on custard apple and pomegranate. In the absence of effective biocontrol agents in nature, parasitoids and predators have to be released in the field for obtaining an effective and quicker suppression of the scale insects. Release of adult C. nigirita was found to be effective in the control of the red scale on citrus in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. Release of C. infernalis (C.bijugus) Mulsant @ 10-20 beetles/tree once in April-May has also been recommended to reduce Sanjose scale. The white halo fungus, Lecanicillium (Verticillium ) lecanii can be sprayed at 16 x 106 spores/ml along with 0.05% of sticking agents in the evening hours at 15 days interval to control the green scale in the hilly areas during cooler months. The biocontrol agents can be integrated with plant origin insecticides as they do not affect the activity of these agents.Keywords
Biological Control, Fruit Crops, Hard Scales, Predator, Parasitoids, Scale Insects, Soft Scales.References
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